Residential and Commercial Solar Fundamentals

  1. Solar Basics: Soup to nuts introduction to residential solar energy systems
    1. SEIA doc: Residential Consumer Guide to Solar Power in English (http://www.seia.org/research-resources/residential-consumer-guide-solar-power)
    2. and in Spanish: Guía de energía solar para el consumidor residential  (http://www.seia.org/sites/default/files/SEIA%20Consumer%20Guide%20to%20Solar%20Power%20-%20v2%20-%20Jan%202016_SPANISH.pdf)
  1. The Solar Transaction: Know what you’re buying!
    1. Owning or Leasing:  A Massachusetts Homeowner’s Guide to Solar Leases, Loans, and PPAs (Mass DOER (CESA)) http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/doer/ma-homeowners-guide-to-solar-financing-final.pdf
    2. Borrowing to pay for your system
      The State of Massachusetts’ Clean Energy Center has created a solar loan program to reduce the costs of borrowing for solar energy systems.  Mass Solar Loan is working with 17 financial institutions and more than 100 solar installers to provide straightforward low-interest, fixed-rate financing and quality installations.  Qualified low-to-moderate income borrowers may qualify for special rates.  Details are at www.masssolarloan.com.

      Other financial institutions will finance solar systems independent of the Mass Solar Loan program so don’t hesitate to find the best arrangement for your needs.
    3. The Federal Solar Investment Tax Credit
      Uncle Sam will cover almost one-third of the cost of your solar system. To encourage individuals and businesses to invest in solar energy, Congress created the Solar Investment Tax Credit. When you file your income taxes for the year in which you invested in a solar system, you will receive a tax credit equal to 30 percent of the installation cost. That offer is good through 2019. In 2020, the credit drops to 26 percent and in 2021 it drops to 22 percent. The residential credit will end in 2023 but the commercial credit will continue at 10 percent.

      You get that credit only if you buy and own the system yourself. If you lease a system or sign a Power Purchase Agreement, the installer gets the tax credit (and should pass along some of the savings to you in your purchase price).

      The Solar Energy Industry Association has a two-page fact sheet about the Investment Tax Credit: http://www.seia.org/sites/default/files/ITC%20101%20Fact%20Sheet%20Feb17.pdf
    4. The Massachusetts Solar and Wind Tax Credit
      Homeowners who install solar energy systems (or other renewable-energy systems) on their primary residence may receive a credit on their state income taxes of 15 percent of the cost of the system up to a maximum of $1,000. The tax form itself explains the details: http://www.mass.gov/dor/docs/dor/forms/inctax16/addl/sch-ec.pdf
    5. Net Metering in Massachusetts
      When or if your solar system generates more electricity than you use the excess energy flows to the grid. “Net metering” accounts for your net consumption and reduces your electric bill accordingly. Over time, these savings should pay for your system and eventually make you a profit on the investment. The Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources has published a set of frequently asked questions about net metering here: http://www.mass.gov/eea/grants-and-tech-assistance/guidance-technical-assistance/agencies-and-divisions/dpu/net-metering-faqs.html
    6. “SRECS” and the new “SMART” program
      Because Massachusetts puts a high value on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it requires that utilities buy a portion of their electricity from renewable sources and solar generators in particular. To facilitate these transactions, the State created the “Solar Renewable Energy Certificates” (SREC) system which meant that even small residential systems could generate significant annual cash payments for their owners for 10 years. The new SMART (Solar Massachusetts Renewable Target) program, which is still awaiting approval from the Department of Public Utilities, is likely to affect systems installed after January 1, 2018, and will mean somewhat lower payments. The DOER proposal is here: http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/doer/rps-aps/225-cmr-20-draft-clean-081117.pdf The SolSmart program prepared a user-friendly analysis of the new program for Chelmsford and other towns in the region. It’s available here [link to MCG report.]
  2. Free Web Tools To Generate an Estimate
    Once you’ve got a sense of how solar systems work and how people pay for them, you may want to get an estimate of what kind of system might fit on your roof and how much it might cost. Installers will be happy to come to your home to give you precise estimates, but you may want to start the process on your own and on line with no pressure. The U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL in Golden, Colorado) has developed a free system called pvwatts that is simple, safe, and reliable. Just go to pvwatts.nrel.gov and type in your address and a few other pieces of information (not your name). The system will estimate the size of system your roof can support, how much electricity it will produce each month, and how much the electricity will be worth in dollars. Google has created Project Sunroof (https://www.google.com/get/sunroof#p=0) to help homeowners and businesses see the solar potential in their roofs. Project Sunroof colors its satellite images to show which parts of a roof get good sun and which are in shaded by trees or other roofs. It’s illuminating! Google uses these images and information you may provide to generate another estimate of the financial value of a system that fits your roof. Project Sunroof has mapped about 93 percent of Chelmsford’s area. Another popular place to start is www.energysage.com. Here, you type in your name, address, and email address and EnergySage will send you information about your home’s potential and let its network of installers know you’re interested in PV. The installers will send you estimates from the data you submit and you can start comparing potential installers’ prices and promises. Only provide your name and email address if you want these sales calls.
  3. Getting bids, selecting an installer
    Once you have a basic understanding of your options for owning or leasing a system and a rough sense of how large a system you might install, you should be ready to contact installers for estimates.  They will come to your building, inspect the structure, and take direct measurements on your roof to determine how much sunlight it receives.  If the roof isn’t well suited for panels, the installers will consider whether ground-mounted systems might be a better fit for your lot.

    CAUTION:  The solar business has become highly competitive and some installers may be aggressive.  DO NOT sign any documents until you are ready to sign a final contract that you fully understand.  DO NOT authorize the installer to start applying for permits on your behalf until you have signed a final contract. DO read through the Consumer Protections section below.

    Installers: The Mass Solar Loan program web page lists more than 100 installers who work in the state ( www.masssolarloan.com).  This is a good place to look for a company that may be right for you, particularly if you intend to buy your system outright.  Several communities in the region have sponsored “solarize” campaigns which set up group-purchasing mechanisms to get discounts on installations.  The installers who participated in those programs will be well known in the region.  Some excellent solar installers specialize in leased installations or Power Purchase Agreements, however, and they may not show up on the Mass Solar Loan list.
  4. Consumer protections:
    The solar industry doesn’t want any unsatisfied customers.  The Solar Energy Industry Association (www.seia.org) has published a code of ethics that its members must sign (http://www.seia.org/policy/consumer-protection/code-ethics) and developed a comprehensive consumer protection section on its website (https://www.seia.org/initiatives/consumer-protection).  People considering a solar project should scan those documents and pay particular attention to the model contract disclosure forms that SEIA encourages installers to prepare and sign for every job.  The forms require installers to be explicit about all the assumptions they are making about solar production and electricity costs and to spell out exactly how and when they would increase their charges in the case of a lease or PPA. The forms cut through some of the confusing detail that may be buried in a contract.  When asking for an estimate, also ask the installers to complete the appropriate disclosure form.

    Residential Purchase Disclosure Form is here: http://www.seia.org/sites/default/files/SEIA%20Solar%20Purchase%20Disclosure%20Form-2.2.17-FINAL.pdf
    Along with an addendum regarding the cost per kilowatt-hour: http://www.seia.org/sites/default/files/SEIA%20Solar%20Cost%20per%20kWh%20Form%20-%203.22.2017.pdf

    Residential Lease Disclosure form is here: http://www.seia.org/sites/default/files/SEIA%20Solar%20Lease%20Disclosure%20Form%20%28fillable%29%20-%201.13.2016.pdf

    Residential PPA (Power Purchase Agreement) form is here: http://www.seia.org/sites/default/files/SEIA%20Solar%20PPA%20Disclosure%20-%203.22.2017.pdf
  5. The Contract
    Your installer will develop a contract for you to sign. Read it and ask questions until you completely understand it. Ask your installer to fill in the appropriate disclosure form (see the previous section) and be sure the contract terms match those in the form and are agreeable to you. Some sections may surprise you. For example, to know how well the systems are performing, most installers add Wi-Fi devices to the system to report data over the internet. If you’re leading the system, your contract may specify that you have to provide that internet service.
  6. Uncertainty and the Price of Electricity
    Solar systems should last 15 or 20 years and a lot can happen in the energy sector during that time. Most people invest in solar to save money on electricity. How much you save over the life of the panels or how quickly the system “pays for itself” depends largely on changes in the price utilities charge for the electricity they provide. Changes in state or federal energy and tax policies may affect the value of the investment. Most solar advocates assume that the growing demand to reduce greenhouse gases will protect the underlying value of solar power but things change.

    Companies that lease solar systems to homeowners or institutions manage this uncertainty by building price escalators into their contracts requiring the customer to pay more over time. The SEIA disclosure forms help show exactly how and when these escalators kick in and what assumptions the company is making about changes in market electricity prices. If you don’t find those assumptions plausible, you may want a different deal.

    Chelmsford has taken advantage of the Massachusetts “Municipal Aggregation” program and negotiated a relatively low electricity rate for all customers in town. That base price is a boon for the community but makes solar somewhat less economically attractive. Be sure that your solar company is using the Chelmsford price in its cost and savings estimate, not some average Massachusetts or New England price.